Science, Medicine & Evidence

When is evidence strong enough to justify belief or action?

Sponte studies when data, experiments, models, and predictions justify scientific or clinical conclusions—and when they do not travel to the person or decision that matters.

• Clinical trials, experimental design, and evidence standards

• Causal inference, identification, and measurement

• External validity and transportability

• Treatment-effect heterogeneity and individual decisions

• Medical AI, clinical prediction, diagnosis, and decision support

• Adaptive and continuously learning medical systems

• Human judgment, responsibility, and the clinician–patient relationship

• Biology, public health, and complex living systems

• AI for scientific discovery

• Pattern prediction versus causal or theoretical knowledge

• Reproducibility, research incentives, and metascience

• Validation under changing populations, institutions, and environments

• Privacy, consent, and control of health data

Clinical work must be partner-led or partner-executed unless Sponte develops the required regulated expertise and infrastructure.